Mankind and Ethics Essay

Ethics has been a guiding principle for mankind. Ethical standards are being considered in every decision man makes. By following an ethical code, mankind knows that he is making the right decision because this ethical code ensures that there is fairness and no one will be deprived of his/her own rights. Mankind makes ethical considerations in many important decisions but there are still some major issues that arise when talking of ethical decisions. These are the issues that have ethical conflicts and man has been forever divided about these issues. Man has legislated laws that are based on human ethical values and almost all good laws have seemingly relied on this principle. One topic that has been the subject of much debate based on varying ethical considerations and existing laws is abortion. Some laws forbid abortion while others allow it because some countries may grant ethical considerations to mothers. Many ethical issues arise in abortion cases. There is a conflict between a right to life and a right of choice. The fetus inside the womb has a right to life, the right to be born into this world, while the mother has a right of choice whether she would want to continue with the pregnancy or not for some valid or invalid reason. Some choose to have abortion because of career choices or the inability to support a child. Others do not want to continue with the pregnancy which resulted from rape which may have various psychological effects (Cline). In some medical conditions, the life of both the mother and the fetus will be at risk and it would be necessary to choose who lives yet pro-life activists still argue that abortion should never be an option. This issue pits one moral principle against another moral principle but mankind has a way of dealing with this stuff. They turn to religion, but this is not always a reliable option since there are various contradicting interpretations of religious scriptures and that religion does not govern everyone. Every person has the right to choose his/her own religion and a person also has a right to be free from religion. Another similar issue is capital punishment. Many believe that the death penalty is an appropriate sentence for many heinous crimes. The criminal, having performed an act against certain moral principles, be it murder or rape, no matter how grave the crime or no matter how many people he killed, another killing is unethical and would not be unjustifiable since the existing laws prohibit killing. A wrong deed done will not correct a wrong deed done. More so, it violates a person’s right to life. Even if the criminal violated other people’s right to life, it would be unethical to kill someone on a justification that he killed others or just to get revenge. Cloning is yet another issue in which ethics plays a role. Scientists are studying therapeutic cloning for a chance to probably cure many existing incurable diseases. These scientists are only hoping to improve the life of mankind with better medical technology but many argue that experiments is playing god or is an act of killing since cloning deals with stem cells from human embryos. In these examples of controversial issues, many people have different beliefs but religion is a strong argument since many people follow a certain religion but the religious argument is not universal. These religious arguments support ethical principles. Human have different personal interest which is why there is a difference in beliefs regarding such topics. For some, abortion may be acceptable because they believe that the early stages of the fetus is not yet considered human but rather as a cluster of cells which is still a part of the female body. Others believe that life begins at the moment of conception, so the fetus is already has life. From these different perspectives, the topic becomes a huge debate based of varying ethical views (Cline). Capital punishment may have been implemented as a way to prevent people from committing brutal crimes. This is not taking a side of the issue but prison time would be a better way of serving sentences rather than death penalty because the right to life is very important and from an ethical perspective, even the rights of the accused and convicted should be respected. Humans are responsible for all their acts and the decisions that they make. Man should be guided by the code of ethics and not mislead them. Abortion, a controversial issue, is being allowed on a case-to-case basis. Abortion for medical purposes is allowed by some laws as well as abortion for pregnancies that resulted from sexual abuse. Generally, law does not allow abortion just for the sake of contraception. From this, it may be viewed that man, based on different circumstances, is responsible enough to see what is permissible under ethical standards. Likewise, very few states or countries allow for capital punishment which again connotes that man has a good understanding of the principle of right and wrong.

What attitudes does consumers have on purchasing genetically modified foods (GMF)?

â€Å"Genetically modified (GM) foods are food items that have had their DNA changed through genetic engineering. † (Mavis 2008). As the population of the world has continued to grow, the supply pressure of food has become more and more significant. With the development of Genetically Modified biotechnology, GM Foods have been come into our daily lives. Though GM foods can help to improve the quality of life, there are risks to complete trust in GM foods. What’s more important, a part of consumers still have doubts about the understanding towards GM food. The question† What attitudes does consumers have on purchasing genetically modified food? † is meaningful because that the issue about GM foods is becoming increasingly controversial. The controversies towards GM foods generally focus on environmental ethics, food security, poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. As customers are divided on their relative importance, some supporters claim that the GM technology can solve the problem of food crisis and poverty. They also consider that GM foods are beneficial to environment such as they can protect soil and water. However, opponents think that GM foods should have some potential threat to human health and they violate the rules of nature by mixing genes among different species. The purpose of this research is to gain a deep understand about the consumers’ attitudes towards purchasing GM foods and find out if most of consumers can accept GM foods. (Hutchison, 2004) Literature review In the last few years, many articles on the consumers’ attitudes toward GM food have appeared. There is a concise review of existing literature that evaluates consumers’ attitudes as following. Most of the information on European attitudes comes from a journal by Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003). The article focuses on posted and answered four questions on European consumers’ attitudes towards the use of GM food. These four questions are: (1) how negative are consumer attitudes to the event â€Å"GM technology applied in food production†? (2) How do these negative attitudes affect the preference of consumer for GM products? (3) How deeply does these attitudes rooted in customers’ opinion? 4) Will the new information and experience change the customers’ attitudes? Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003) believe that these four questions are central for understanding the consumers’ attitudes about GM food. The article use some tables to evaluate the consumers’ attitudes about genetic modification in food production in seven European countries which are the UK, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway , Italy and Sweden. The data shows that most of the customer have negative attitude towards GM food, the average support for GM foods is quite low. The national differences can also be showed through the table: the attitude is most positive in Italy, and is most negative in Germany and the Scandinavian countries, while Finland and the UK in a middle position. And the article also showed some other surveys to support this result, for example, the Eurobarometer surveys, which is a most well know one, have also shown that most of consumers do not like GM foods (Frewer & Shepherd, 1995 and Durant, Bauer & Gaskell, 1998European Commission, 1997, European Commission, 2000,) For the question how these negative attitudes affect the preference of consumer for GM foods, Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003) have design a research about yoghurt. In general, consumers prefer the low-Fat yoghurt, but the yoghurt will become non-attractive consistency if they produced based on skimmed milk. Though using additives can improve this problem, many consumers don’t like additives. However, by using GM technology, the yoghurt can be enough consistency, fat-free and no additives. It provided a good basis for the consumer preferences. In the research, consumers inspected the three products which are normal yoghurt, additives yoghurt and labeled GM yoghurt and rank them according to preference. And they must explain the reason for the ranking. The result showed that most of consumer rank GM yoghurt to last choice. And the common reasons are that the GM technology is not familiar and not trustworthy, they don’t know if the product is healthy, and it harms nature. The conclusion is explicit: the attitude to GM food has a strong influence on the preference of consumers. The third question and the last question were researched in another study. Respondents were asked to take part in a taste test of eight cheeses. Two weeks later, they participated in another taste test which only provides two kinds of cheese. One cheese was the same taste as the one which obtain the highest preference in the first test and it was labeled â€Å"produced with genetically modified technology†; the other one was the some taste as the one which obtain a medium preference in the first test. The results showed that when the most popular cheese labeled genetically modified technology, the preference was reduced. So, the study shows the attitude on GM food is deeply rooted in consumers’ opinion and is not easily to change by experience. There are also some other important researches about consumers’ attitudes towards GM food. Hamstra (1995) evaluate the acceptance of consumers toward GM food through three studies of Dutch consumers. Product characteristics and consumer characteristics are included in these studies. In the first study, consumers participated in a face-to-face interview about their attitudes and willingness to buy nine different GM foods (Hamstra, 1991). Means-end chain theory was used in the second study to further research these aspects in some focus group discussions (Hamstra, 1993). The third study used the sample of consumers to evaluate the model which developed in the second study (Hamstra, 1995). As a result, the studies showed that perceived benefits have a greater impact on consumers’ attitudes than perceived risks and there is no link between attitudes and knowledge of the genetically modified technology. Kutznesof and Ritson (1996) investigated Irish and British consumers’ attitudes through focus group discussions. The results divided the consumers’ attitudes towards genetically modified foods into three types: â€Å"triers†, â€Å"undecided consumers† and â€Å"refusers'†. A large number of consumers were classified into the second group, and the rest of consumers were equally classified as refusing or accepting genetically modified foods. Through the research, Kutznesof and Ritson (1996) found that there are some factors can increase the acceptability of genetically modified foods such as perceived consumer-related benefits, price consciousness, increased product quality (especially the taste), and increased purity of products. They also found that the acceptability of consumers depends on the types of genetically modified foods: the genetically modified technology used on vegetables, fruits and dairy products can be more acceptable than eggs and meat. Some studies have analyzed consumers’ attitudes towards GM foods at a more broadly level. The attitudes of consumers have been proved to be more positive towards applying genetically modified technology to plants than to human genetic material or animals. Frewer, Hedderley, Howard & Shepherd, 1997) The study which completed by Cook and Moore (2002) indentifies the relative importance, nature and strength of influences on New Zealand consumers’ intentions towards purchasing genetically modified foods. The study used four methods to evaluate the consumers’ attitudes which are focus groups, the questionnaire, statistical methods and distribution. Results delivered questionnaires to 289 consumers and received 266. The respondents contain 171 females and 95 males. In the received questionnaires, 159 respondents had an intention or strong intention not to purchase GM foods, 27 respondents had an purchasing or a strong purchasing intention and 80 respondents had no intention to purchase GM foods. Through the analysis with â€Å"Ordered logit analysis† and â€Å"Marginal effects for the extended model† which related to self-identity, attitude, SN and PBC, Cook and Moore (2002) found that self-identity, attitude, SN and PBC can provide a positively influence on consumers’ attitude towards purchasing GM food. Males may more easily to feel in control over purchasing the food than females, on the contrary, females may easily to feel in control over not purchasing the genetically modified food. In addition, other related research shown that the New Zealand public may be slightly less against with purchasing GM food. A national survey about farmers’ attitudes found that 49% farmers not willing to purchase GM food and 12% farmers had positive attitudes to purchase (Cook et al. , 2000). Sallie and Michael, B (2004) choice modeling methods to analyze in what conditions the Australian consumers are willing to purchase GM food, and they also discuss these preferences in the report. The results of the report suggest that if there has a discount on the consumers’ favorite food, they will have an intention to purchase the genetically modified foods. The report also showed that genetically modified technology which used on animals seems to be more unacceptable to respondents than that use on plants, especially among female respondents. In addition, another condition which can influence the consumers’ attitudes for a certain type of food is age of the consumer; the results found that older people generally more accept of genetically modified technology than younger people. In conclusion, the above literature shows that most consumers have the negative attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods, and these negative attitudes are not easy to change that can affect the preference of consumers. Furthermore, some conditions such as age and sex of consumers, the species that be applied with GM technology and the discount of genetically modified foods can also effect the consumers’ attitudes. Methodology: The main method of this research is questionnaire which contains online questionnaire and a paper-based survey questionnaire. And the responds assumed to be truthfully. The online questionnaire will be designed on the official websites of large-scale supermarkets. And the links of questionnaire should also be sent to the email of the consumers who are the VIP or the regular consumer of these supermarkets. In addition, the questionnaire will not exceed 8 minutes. The questionnaire should contain open-ended questions and close-ended questions. The sample open-ended questions should be â€Å"Do you have a positive attitude or negative attitude towards purchasing genetically modified foods? Why? † and â€Å"How you access the knowledge about genetically modified technology†. On the other hand, the close-ended question must contain the sex and the age level of the respondents, the questions should be designed like â€Å"I have a intention to purchase foods produced using genetically modified technology (very strongly disagree, disagree, agree or very strongly agree)† â€Å"what do you think your family members’ or friends’ opinion would be when you purchasing genetically modified foods? (Extremely unfavorable, unfavorable, favorable or extremely favorable)† â€Å"Do you think your family members’ or friends’ opinion will change your attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods? Very strongly disagree, disagree, agree, or very strongly agree)†. These three questions are very important to understand the consumers’ attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods. The advantage of online questionnaire is that it is a less expensive way to investigate more people, and it can also invest igate the people who are at a far distance. Furthermore, the questionnaire can be quickly done and anonymity ensures more valuable responses. But there are also some drawbacks about online questionnaire that must be foreseen. For example, in general, the responds to online questionnaire are from younger people and the response rate should be limited because that not everyone can access to the website. All these conditions should be considered on the result of research. The paper-based survey questionnaire will be sent to the consumers in supermarkets. In order to attract the consumers, the people who accept investigate can get a small gift as an incentive that can increase the participate rate. The age of participate range should between twenties and sixties. And the details of paper questionnaire may be same as the online questionnaire. The drawback of paper-based survey is that poor handwriting may be appeared on the space of open-ended question and some of them cannot be identified accurately. Secondary research is also needed in order to assist the evaluation about results of questionnaire survey. The secondary sources can be found in three areas: sales report of a well-known company which produces genetically modified foods, customer database of this company and primary data. Newspapers, previous research reports, journal content, and government statistics could provide the primary data to secondary. The limitations of secondary research should also be considered during the process of research. For example, some secondary data may not be helpful to the research evaluation because that some data can be vague and general. On the other hand, the source of data must be checked in order to ensure the data is accurate. Moreover, the data maybe out of date. At last, the results of questionnaire and secondary research should be collect together to evaluate the respondents’ attitudes toward purchasing genetically modified foods and calculate if most of consumers can accept GM food. Conclusion: There should be two results of this research; one result is that most of consumers can accept genetically modified foods. It means as genetically modified technology becoming increasingly more oriented lifestyle, the consumers are increasingly familiar with the technology about genetically modified foods, more and more people can trust in GM food. The other result is that most of consumers cannot accept genetically modified foods, and the questionnaire can affect the reasons. It means people still have doubts about the safety and technology of genetically modified food. Genetically modified food is new technology products, though it still exist some problems, but with the development of science and technology, it will be more and more perfect. As long as follow the certain rules, life will be more superior with the healthy and orderly development of GM technology.

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Assignment 2 - Essay Example The mathematical model presented by the Deming was considered to be unrealistic model. The new approach of business presented by Deming demanded to change the whole system and completely restructure the system. Restructuring the complete system made the model controversial. Deming’s concept of variation can be implemented to the classroom by understanding the statistical theory. With the implementation of the statistical theory, it is easy to reduce the impact of variation by implementing and enhancing technology, design of the study and through proper training of staff and students. A wood cutting machine cuts wood logs into desirable sized lumber. Wood logs are manually inserted with the help of lifting machine and then the logs are cut into half and then equal sized parallel strips of timber are cut. The common variation factors are hardness of the wood logs, wear of the cutting blades and machine vibrations. Some times the size of the wood logs differs from one another. In the similar manner, sometimes the blade stops rotating which is caused due to the slip of the motor bearing. Deming provided a systematic and mathematical quality control education method that required science, statics, and industrial engineering management. There is a need to generate vision, teach the students approached to be successful, decision should not only based on effective cost, constantly improve the system, train the staff and hire people with good knowledge and skills to teach, provide guidance to the students instead of being their lords, gain respect of the students instead of asking for the respect, reward the efforts of the students, never punish the students but allow than to self improve themselves. Juran’s philosophy emphasizes that quality, production and economy can be increased by improving the management. He described the three management improving ideas to improve the system’s

Essay model answers Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Model answers - Essay Example Pershing Square accounts 18% of J.C. Penney while Vornado 9.9%. J.C.Penney anticipate that if Pershing Square Capital’s Bill Ackman and its ally Vornado will make a position for a bid to take-over the company, J.C. Penney will swallow a â€Å"poison pill† to avert the siege. The plan will be activated the moment an investor will buy at least 10% of the company shares in addition to the shares that they already have. The poison pill is an age old strategy against hostile take-overs to dilute the holdings of an investor whose stake exceeds that threshold (Egain 2013). In the case o f J.C. Penney, if anyone builds a stake in the company in a move for a takeover, J.C. Penney will â€Å"issue a dividend of one right for each outstanding common share not owned by the raider. The right will have an exercise price of $55, and it’ll allow investors to, say, buy $110 worth of J.C. Penney shares for only $55 (Brown 2013). In effect, J.C. Penney board can buy back its stocks at a fraction of a penny if a hostile takeover is launched. The strategy was effective because J.C. Penney was able to avert the stand-off and potential takeover of Pershing Square Capital’s Bill Ackman. It also discouraged any potential hostile takeover from other companies and/or individuals. The poison pill was effective that the potential raider Bill Ackman of Pershing Square Capital mulled an exit from holding any shares of J.C. The poison pill may have been an effective strategy to avert any potential takeover. It was able to guard against the standoff from Pershing Square Capital but its shares fell 1.43% which is $13.14 the day after it announced the use of poison pill â€Å"leaving them off 33% on the year and 45% over the past 12 months† (Egan 2013). This was indeed a poison pill to swallow to avoid hostile takeover because the strategy compound the loss of J.C. Penney by the deterioration of its shares in the stock market. But as J.C. Penney’s CEO

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal statement - Essay Example I demonstrated my skills by starting a debut â€Å"high tech† home health agency where I together with my fellow practitioners infused blood products, IVIG, pain management and chemotherapy agents. I further gained knowledge and skills, two years after successful training in the Metabolic and Oncology units, in handling open heart patients and trauma patients while working in the ICU. Having demonstrated further skills in leadership and critical decision making in difficult situations, I was promoted to nurse in charge position. With 8 years into the promotion as charge nurse, I got a transfer to the Emergency medicine where I continued to naturally demonstrate my leadership qualities. I developed a comprehensive plan to enhance and facilitate the delivery of the emergency care in the ER. This plan entailed patients the highest priority and emphasizing on the customer service. This was the cause of my immediate promotion to the position of the Director of the Emergency Department. I returned to outpatient job after 12 years in the ER. Currently I am employed with a pharmacy as an infusion nurse where I handle Pulmonary Hypertension patients and those in need of enzyme replacement or IVIG infusions. I also partly work with other hospitals, offering education on therapies to nurses and physicians on the same caliber. All these time I have focused on developing further my assessment skills and ability to make critical decisions and multitasking. Personally, I regard a Nurse Practitioner as important personnel in modern healthcare services. In most cases, the practitioner assists the Managing Director to deliver care; without them, almost all patients can go unattended. In addition, they examine patients professionally and help them make good decisions concerning health. Practitioners are a necessity for the successful delivery of healthcare. I chose nurse practitioner for several reasons: firstly, I have enough time to study nursing.

Managers Are Increasingly Recognised As Powerful And Privileged Essay

Managers Are Increasingly Recognised As Powerful And Privileged Individuals Who Are Not Always Held Accountable For Their Actions. Should This Power Be Regulated - Essay Example One such living example is the case of MG Rover, a Britain based car company that has suffered the consequences. It is time, we learn our lessons, and along with the wings of power, render the reins of responsibility. MG Rover, apparently the last British owned mass-producer of cars in the British motor industry was established in the year 2000 by the merger of MG and Rover from BMW. At that point of time, BMW sold, rather abandoned Rover at throwaway prices. They offered an interest free loan of 427 million, repayable by 2049 to those who were willing to take it. Along with this, the buyer would be left with 350 million worth of unsold cars along with the alluring cash dowry of 112 million. This made Phoenix interested in the deal and enter the arena. The Phoenix consortium comprised of British businessmen and was headed by John Towers, former Rovers executive. They bought the company for 10, and emerged as saviors for Rover at that point of time. The organization showed a downfall as it exchanged hands, but deals like the purchase of the Qvale of Italy in 2001 went on. It collaborated with Tata, India in 2002 and also launched MG SV and SV-R in 2003, followed by launch of Rover CityRover. During its peak, the company employed approximately 170,000 workers. In the year 2004, the organization entered into talks with the Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC). A collaborative deal that was negotiated between the two companies fell through in the year 2005, forcing MG Rover into insolvency. The company entered into administration in April 2005. Because of the company's failure, 6000 workers lost their jobs and thousands of jobs in related sectors of the supply chain were threatened. Not just this, the entire economy of West Midlands suffered a blow because of the mistakes made by a handful of people. Where what went wrong The reasons why MG Rover failed were many. The car company, as it exchanged hands was almost always in troubled waters. One reason why Rover lost its brand value goes to over 25 years ago, where the cars were not as high quality. Even though efforts to improve quality were made, the brand image of a lower quality had already been built. The management was myopic in its approach and overlooked the real opportunities. Also the British public did not support the car much, as they preferred to buy foreign brands over the Britain based MG Rover. Many experts also feel that had the government rendered a timely response, much could have been saved. In May 2000, the Blair government had praised the Phoenix for its efforts for taking big risks. They had also promised everything that could be possibly done to save the company. But the response was not as timely as it could have been. The government has now however come up with the 150 million package, where workers are being paid the amount, to stay at home. However had action been taken four years ago, and the firm been nationalized, probably workers could have been paid much more in compensation. It is also an important lesson for the present government on choosing the right leaders/ managers for an organization. However actual disaster was with the management and its operations. For four years, the

The Awful Rowing Toward God Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Awful Rowing Toward God - Assignment Example It seems something that causes ruin, injury or pain would be pretty clear-cut, but what if it is to destroy a cruel dictatorship, to cause injury as a means of repairing an internal injury or to create pain as a means of setting a broken bone? In many ways, evil must be considered to be a changing concept depending on the dominant cultural beliefs at a given time and considered along with the greater context of events. By looking at some relatively recent depictions of evil in today's culture, it is possible to see that evil is usually considered to be an outside force characterized by its creation of unearned pain and destruction.  It seems something that causes ruin, injury or pain would be pretty clear-cut, but what if it is to destroy a cruel dictatorship, to cause injury as a means of repairing an internal injury or to create pain as a means of setting a broken bone? In many ways, evil must be considered to be a changing concept depending on the dominant cultural beliefs at a given time and considered along with the greater context of events. By looking at some relatively recent depictions of evil in today's culture, it is possible to see that evil is usually considered to be an outside force characterized by its creation of unearned pain and destruction.   In the novel The Shining, for example, evil is a bodiless force that is confined for some reason within the area of a remote Colorado resort called Overlook. Within the novel, there is no clear sense of where the evil comes from or why it is attached to that particular location, only that it has likely been in place since the hotel's beginning. There are several instances where people who have died at the hotel are mentioned somewhat offhandedly as if it is too regular to make anyone upset. The Torrence's arrival at the hotel is marked by an angry woman speaking about the time her second husband died out on the roque court (Ch. 9) and they continue to hear about other deaths, increasingly more viole nt in nature, as the book continues. Even early in the story, some of these deaths seem odd, such as the death of the hotel's first owner, working as a caretaker after he'd lost his fortune. "He plugged his finger into a light socket by mistake and that was the end of him" (Ch. 10) or that of his son, who was killed in a riding accident on the property. The evil of the hotel is a disembodied thing, but it has a clear objective - to destroy life by causing extreme pain and mental anguish and to acquire power. The violence of the hotel is introduced in Chapter 12 as the little family is getting a tour of the Presidential Suite on the third floor: "Great splashes of dried blood, flecked with tiny bits of grayish-white tissue, clotted the wallpaper.  

Organisational Information Systems (OIS) - report assignment Essay

Organisational Information Systems (OIS) - report assignment - Essay Example tion and data on the multiplicity of aspects of the association’s working circumstances like that the victims, further organizations, release dealers, as well as the neighborhood administration. It as well as comprises information on movements and models, with expansions in the society and civilizing situations in which the business carries out its operations. This kind of financial information has long-standing proposition to the association and helps in extensive assortment, tactical planning 13 The internet is growing as the most important technology platform for the electronic commerce. Equally of the essence, Internet technology is being more and more functional to smooth the progress of the management of rest of the business publishing employee personnel strategies, analyzing account balances and production plans, setting up plant repairs and maintenance, and improving design documents. Organizations are getting advantage of the connectivity and ease of use of the internet technology to produce internal corporate networks called intranets that are based on internet technology. Making use of these private intranets for the organizational communication, group effort, and management is elevated. We make use of the expression electronic business to make a distinction among these uses of internet of digital technology for the management and bringing together the other business processes from the electronic commerce. By giving out information through the electronic networks, electronic business enlarges the reach of on hand management. Managers use email, web documents, and work- group software to successfully correspond regularly with thousands of employees, and even to supervise remote assignments and teams. These jobs would be unworkable in opposite traditional organizations (Kenneth, 1999). 21 3.Christine Hagn, Wemhard H. Markwitz, 2000, Mobile Teleworking: Some Solutions and Information Security Aspects, Siemens AG, Information and Communication Products,

GCC trade agreement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

GCC trade agreement - Research Paper Example , the trade agreement encourages intraregional mobility of capital, technology, goods and capital; hence allowing member countries to easily access resources and goods that they don’t have comparative advantage. The monetary union also allows for easy economic exchange between the countries through the use of a single currency. There is also a trade agreement between GCC and European Union (EU). This trade agreement also affects the economies of GCC member states by expanding trade into new regions of Europe and improving the economic and social welfare of the people of the member states. Specifically, the FTA between GCC and EU enables member states to acquire imports at internationally competitive prices. This is achieved through reduced tariffs and other trade barriers between GCC member countries and the member countries of the EU. In article 1 of chapter 1 (Trade) of the 2001 economic agreement of the GCC, a common external tariff and a common customs regulation was established to enhance trade among members and prevent unfair competition from external corporations (GCC, 2001). Goods produced within any member country were also considered as the national products of each country. Furthermore, tariff and non-tariff barriers were eliminated. Article 2 provides rules on international economic relations whereby member states are required to negotiate collectively as GCC in order to serve the negotiating positions of member countries (GCC, 2001). Economic agreements with external trading partners should also be collectively concluded to serve the interests of member countries. Export and import rules and procedures, and commercial exchange policies of the region are also unified to enhance its collective negotiating power with international partners. Bahrain is one of the six members of the GCC which is affected by the trade agreement among the GCC member states. Unlike other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Bahrain does not rely on oil. The country

Analyze of Two Kinds by Amy Tan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze of Two Kinds by Amy Tan - Essay Example There are many characters throughout the story, but the main focus of the story is about the relationship between Jing-Mei and her mother. By presenting the story like this, Amy Tan is able to divulge in how each character reacts to the other one. This would simply not be possibly if the focus was on a wider range of characters. Some of the other support characters are Lindo Jong (Jing-Mei’s aunt), Waverly Jong (Jing-Mei’s cousin), and Mr. Chong (Jing-Mei’s piano teacher). All of these characters are crucial to the story because they provide background to the relationship that Jing-Mei and her mother go through. Waverly Jong is an important character because she is everything that Jing-Mei is not—bright, smart and talented. Waverly’s mother’s role is mainly to point this out to Jing-Mei’s mother so as to further push her towards controlling Jing-Mei. Mr. Chong is perhaps the one character who is light-hearted; he does not overly push J ing-Mei and tries to make playing the piano fun. The setting of this story is in California back in the 1960s. Not only is this an area that received a large amount of immigrants, but older people reading the story may be able to relate to it because it is similar to what they experienced back then. Another reason why the setting is so important is because of the way that immigrants were generally perceived back then. This helped to set up the basis of the story where Jing-Mei’s mother wanted to push her to become a child protege. This was perceived to be a way out of the typical stereotype of a Chinese immigrant and a way to assimilate into American society. The structure of Two Kinds is one than is simplistic and easy to read. After the narrator jots down an experience, she then gives her own opinions and reasons why she felt the way she did. This helps the reader to understand why she felt what she did. Also, there are plenty of quotes from the mother, giving the reader a chance to understand where she was coming from. It is not until the end of the story that the reader realizes that the main character in the story is retelling it from when she was a child. The author could have chosen to mention this point at the start, but I think that is makes the story seem more real by reading it as though it could happen today. Amy Tan uses more of a narrative style in this story to get her point across. This style allows the reader to become involved in the relationship between Jing-Mei and her mother. Because there are opinions of both the daughter and the mother that are offered, the reader is able to weigh up for themselves who is in the right and who is in the wrong. While Jing-Mei disagrees with the choices that her mother made for her, the tone displayed towards her is one of frustration yet respect at the same time. Jing-Mei’s attitudes toward her mother change in a positive way as the story progresses. The piano was the main symbol of this stor y. At the beginning, it was shown contempt by Jing-Mei because of the way her mother harassed her about playing it to perfection. By the end, however, Jing-Mei was able to fully respect the gift that it was and even took the time to sit down and play it. Also, the names of the two songs played at the end (â€Å"Pleading Child† and â€Å"Perfectly Contented†) are symbolic of the way that Jing-Mei’

Going Green Essay Example for Free

Going Green Essay Our environment is getting worse day by day. It’s getting harder and harder for our families to stay healthy with all the bad things we are around every day. We are affected by our environment, and more people are getting sicker and sicker. This could affect our families and our future one day. The government has been making solutions to solve this problem in the environment. Going â€Å"green† is budding into a national phenomenon, where clothing shops are bagging your organic t-shirts into biodegradable shopping bags. This becomes effective in various provinces in the Philippines. One example is the Tagaytay City. They are now against the use of plastics. Since the environment has been polluted due to the continuous burning of non-biodegradable materials, the use of plastics has been avoided. They have produced eco-bags that will be used by the consumers instead of the ordinary plastic bags used during the previous times. This rule has been implemented in different places and soon, the country will really be â€Å"NO TO PLASTIC!† With that, we can really say that it’s more fun in the Philippines! There can be a solution in helping our environment become better. We can all save the Mother Earth. If we reach out to people who dont care about our environment, we could change their point of view of things. We could tell them how bad things are in our world and that could change what their prospective on things. Let us discipline them. Let us be participative as the world goes green. Read more:  Essay About Tourism in the Philippines

Comparing Two Artists Essay Example for Free

Comparing Two Artists Essay Magritte uses minimal dull colours though he changes tones within his colours to create shadowy effects and also creates a layered element contributing to line within his artwork; the horizontal layers between the background make the vertical lines of the owls stand out in the foreground of his artwork. Magritte is known to not leave hidden messages within his artwork, cleverly painting the reality he see’s. For this particular symbolic painting Magritte uses oil on canvas, the sharp detail he uses in his brush strokes make the image look real but not real at the same time. His witty version of reality he paints fall into surrealism, although his artwork include symbolic owls his painting is clear, interesting and well defined, he wanted his viewers to look at his painting and appreciate what is right there, not leaving them wondering why or what it means, because everything he wished to portray is right there in the artwork. Owls symbolize wisdom. In many cultures they are believed to be able to see all things that are usually hidden quite possibly fears. Magritte uses these owls to represent as an ancient human fear or the owls are the companions of our ancient fears, the birds growing from the soil may represent the ‘roots’ to our fears. In comparison to Magritte, Peter Booth’s artwork ‘Untitled 1976’ displays an image of apocalyptic shock, at the same time Booth includes his painful personal experiences and his view of humanity. This is evident when he uses harsh and cold colours to represent the apocalyptic vibe he sends through his artwork, the tones are very similar within each colour although when looking at the whole painting the contrast between the different colours is quite prominent leaving a cold feeling for his viewers to feel. Line has most strongly been used to create the strong horizon line and hence fore-middle- and background. The thin repeated lines of the fire and sky create pattern and simulated texture. The texture of the paint Booth uses to illustrate the industrial side of his landscape maybe suggesting he had a rough childhood. The shape of the figures in Booth’s artwork are all out of proportion, implying they could be apart of his hazy memory or hallucination, and this is how he remembers them. Booth uses gouache on paper for this particular artwork his intense brush strokes create perspective on his painting, guiding his viewers to understand and follow where he directs them. His work is characterised by an intense emotional power of often dark narratives, and esoteric symbolism, this artwork also reflecting on his nightmarish dreams which categorise him in surrealism, as he works closely with the element of surprise or shock difference. The colours he uses are symbolic to aspects of his childhood growing up in the industrial surroundings.

UK Policies to Prevent Online Spam

UK Policies to Prevent Online Spam â€Å"Spam is one of the most significant challenges facing the Internet today. Its rapid growth threatens the convenience and efficiency of electronic messages and undermines user confidence online more generally. Thus the very purpose of the Internet is under threat.† â€Å"In light of the above statement critically evaluate the terms of the United Kingdom’s Privacy and Electronic Communication (EC Directive) Regulations and assess the effectiveness of those provisions in defeating the ‘challenges’ of spam.† Introduction No sensible challenge can be mounted to the arguments that spam e –mails are both a monumental threat to the integrity of a computer system and a more generalised nuisance in typical day to day access to the Internet. However, the title question addresses only one half of the current issues associated with spam. The purpose attributed to the Internet is not solely that of the individual Internet user. Commercial activity is an equally valid component of Internet use. Spam as a targeted threat carrying a multitude of potential viruses, spy ware and other insidious digital attackers is properly characterised as a menace to be deterred. Spam as a direct marketing tool is in theory a far more innocuous concept. The fundamental issue to be addressed is whether an appropriate balance can be struck between these interests, ones that are not competing positions so much as they are disparate. It shall be submitted the UK Privacy and Electronic Communication (EC Directive) Regulations (â€Å"the Regulations†) are an entirely inadequate response to the issues posed by Internet spam. Spam defined Spam is generally defined as undesired e-mail or junk e –mail; the common attributes to spam are bulk mailings from a typically corporate source, often employing techniques such as anonymizing servers and other methods to mask the sender’s web address or identity. At a more innocuous level, spam is a bulk mailing that indiscriminately advertises or promotes a commercial product such as erectile dysfunction medication or the promotion of ‘hot’ stock market tips. In its most repulsive format, the spam may be either pornographic in content, an inducement to fraudulent activity or it may contain viruses or other harmful attributes that damage or disable the recipient’s computer. Spam is a consumer of significant system bandwidth and has the capacity to damage large scale computer networks.[1] The financial cost of spam are also profound, both in terms of direct tolls taken on computer systems and the indirect seepage of productivity in workplaces where spam must be deleted from employee mailboxes on a seemingly incessant basis.[2] The weapons available to the individual computer user with Internet access to combat spam are relatively straightforward, including: never opening e-mails received from unknown mail addresses equipping the computer with anti-spam filtering software, virus protection, and firewalls Many direct marketing advocates suggest that these simple remedies are ample protection against the unscrupulous; further government regulation represents an unwarranted inhibition of their commercial efforts, analogous to a â€Å"No Soliciting† sign in a front door residential window[3]. It is submitted that the question is not nearly so simple. Notwithstanding the sophistication of anti-spam technology, estimates as to the volume of spam received at both workplace computers and residential addresses ranges from 30 percent to 80 percent of all e-mail received in the UK.[4] The Regulations, 2003 The Regulations were a much anticipated UK governmental weapon when they were enacted in September, 2003. The UK computer industry hailed the Regulations as â€Å"spam busters†[5] that were anticipated to both result in prosecutions of the most prevalent spammers and create a more healthful UK commuting environment. The Regulations were designed to bring the UK into compliance with the European Community Directive concerning electronic marketing, Directive 2002/58/EC.[6] The EC Directive stressed a balance between the harmonization of regulation between member states in the interest of commercial efficiency and the enhancement of citizen privacy rights. The Regulations were not restricted to spam. The provisions also restrict the manner in which such digital techniques as cookies (the HTTP method of tracking and authenticating user data), traffic data, and public directories. The act of clicking ones computer mouse to open a spam transmission can potentially provide significant cookie data to the spammer. The industry optimism of 2003 was replaced by blunt scepticism as to the efficacy of the Regulations by late 2004. The same industry insiders who had lauded the Regulations on their introduction now panned them as ineffective, as no prosecutions had been launched pursuant to the Regulations.[7] Questions were raised as to whether the UK government was truly committed to the spam battle due to the suggested under funding of the enforcement aspects of the Regulations.[8] The Regulations as promulgated could never have fulfilled their promise due to the structure of the e-mail provisions of the Regulation. The relevant portions of s. 22 the Regulation and commentary are set out below: 1) This regulation applies to the transmission of unsolicited communications by means of electronic mail to individual subscribers.† The Regulation is therefore not applicable to the regulation of corporate and commercial users of the Internet. 2) Except in the circumstances referred to in paragraph (3), a person shall neither transmit†¦ unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing by means of electronic mail unless the recipient of the electronic mail has previously notified the sender that he consents for the time being to such communications being sent by, †¦the sender. If (2) stood alone in the Regulations, the individual user would have a reasonable line of protection against spam, provided that the user had not previously consented to the transmission 3)(3) A person may send or instigate the sending of electronic mail for the purposes of direct marketing where that person has obtained the contact details of the recipient †¦in the course of the sale or negotiations for the sale of a product or service to that recipient; the direct marketing is in respect of that persons similar products and services only; and the recipient has been given a simple means of refusing (free of charge except for the costs of the transmission of the refusal) the use of his contact details for the purposes of such direct marketing,† Subsection (3) serves to create an exception to the consumer protection afforded through (2) so as to render the section ineffective. The spam mailer can conceivably obtain the contact particulars of the recipient in a myriad of ways, all of which are unknown to the recipient but entirely legal. The expression ‘similar products and services’ is so broad as to suggest that the subjective opinion of the spammer would be a complete answer to any complaint. The UK initiative is however not without potential merit. The UK authorities have suggested that the UK ISPs are denying the spammers a place in their networks out the outset and that the Regulation sin this direct fashion are having a desired effect. [9] The provisions in the Regulations concerning facsimile transmissions as direct marketing are of interesting in this context. Facsimiles may not be used to direct market goods unless the subscriber has provided their prior consent; the facsimile provisions are more protective of the individual user’s privacy.[10] Other options? As apparently toothless as the Regulations may be in practice, the other options available on a strictly UK based regulatory footing are very modest. The individual Internet user who is bombarded with spam has no practical alternatives – the potential common law tort remedies of invasion of privacy, intentional interference in economic relations, or the pursuit of an injunction have at best a theoretical appeal; the cost of mounting such actions is likely prohibitive. A corporate complainant has the same concerns as the individual user in terms of legal costs, coupled with the realization that the targets will in all likelihood be far removed from UK legal jurisdiction unless the various reciprocity provisions of the European Community might be engaged, a prospect that assumes EC domicile for the target spammer. The only viable legal remedy is an extension of the international co-operation exhibited through the response to the Council of Europe Treaty on Cyber Crime, ratified by 33 European nations and signed by four international states to date.[11] It is plain that so long as computers and their requisite networks may be situated anywhere on Earth, a concerted expansion of regulatory efforts is the only true manner in which spam can be regulated. A number of recent commentators, including Bazelon[12]have stressed that computer systems, the most global of entities ever created, will require a correspondingly sophisticated transnational legal framework to counter all forms of computer crime. While spam is not always considered a criminal product, the loss of both productivity and computer enjoyment, compounded by user fears of the compromise of their private information, make the concept of an international spam treaty an imperative. The distinction between the European Treaty of Cyber Crime and the distinct provisions regarding spam as enacted in the Regulations and the initial EC Directive are the fundamental distinction between the readily identifiable criminal computer act, such as the dissemination of child pornography or the perpetration of identity theft, and the clear commercial flavour imparted to the European regulation of spam. It is submitted that given the potential for misuse and criminality inherent in spam, international powers to combat its spread would be significantly furthered if spam were simply treated as a lesser but included form of cyber crime activity, while holding out the ability to regulate its transmission in carefully defined and legitimate business and commercial settings. In this sense, the prospects of true international enforcement of anti-spam legislation would be enhanced if never perfect. The elevation in the status of spam to a true crime might also carry a significant level of deterrence in the activity that is clearly not present through the enforcement of the current Regulations. It must also be noted that another avenue exists to encourage the promotion of spam as a criminal act. The G-8 group of nations, of which the UK is a member, has an existing protocol for the sharing of law enforcement information regarding computer crime. Conclusions Spam currently rests in an enforcement netherworld – a well defined problem, a significant irritant, but like the weather, no one evidently can do much about it in the current Regulatory climate. Spam solutions will be ones of stark choice – either a ‘grin and bear it’ Internet consumer attitude, with an assumption of risk that requires the taking of all necessary personal precautions for home computer safety, or encourage the UK to broaden the reach of international cyber crime enforcement to tackle spam as an adjunct to existing computer crime initiatives. Bibliography Bazelon, Dana L et al â€Å"Computer Crimes Journal† American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 43, 2006 , 1 Dickinson, David â€Å"An Architect for Spam Regulation: Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol. 57, 2004 Crews, C.W ‘The Government should not ban E-Mail spam’ In: The Internet – Opposing Viewpoints, James D. Torr, Ed. (New York: Thomson Gale, 2005) Edlind, Peter J. and David Naylor / Morrison Forester LLP â€Å"United Kingdom: The United Kingdom Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003† 09 March 2004 Munir, A.B. â€Å"Unsolicited Commercial E-Mai: Implementing the EU Directive (2004)† Computer and Telecommunications Law Review, Vol. 10, Issue 5 Nordlinger, Jay, ‘The government should ban E-mail spam’, In: The Internet – Opposing Viewpoints, James D. Torr, Ed. (New York: Thomson Gale, 2005) Silicon.com â€Å"UK soft on spam† (August 11, 2005) http://www.silicon.com/research/specialreports/thespamreport/0,39025001,39151286,00.htm (accessed January 21, 2007) ZDnet â€Å"UK law smashes consumer spam† (September 18, 2003) http://news.zdnet.co.uk/internet/0,1000000097,39116473,00.htm (Accessed January 20, 2007) ZDnet â€Å"UK law failing to nail spammers† (December 13, 2004) http://news.zdnet.co.uk/internet/0,1000000097,39181034,00.htm (Accessed January 20, 2007) Table of Regulations Directive 2002/58/EC, (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) The United Kingdom Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 1 Footnotes [1]1 An excellent and concise technical description of the manner in which spam is transmitted and the problems that result is found at Dickinson, David â€Å"An Architect for Spam Regulation: Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol. 57, 2004 [2] Global estimates as to spam related losses exceed $20 billion [3] C.W. Crews ‘The Government should not ban E-Mail spam’, 149 [4] Jay Nordlinger,‘The government should ban E-mail spam’, 141 [5] ZDnet â€Å"UK law smashes consumer spam†, (September 18, 2003)1 [6] Directive 2002/58/EC, (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) 5 ZDnet â€Å"UK law failing to nail spammers† (December 13, 2004) 1 6 Ibid, 2 [7] [8] [9] ZDnet December 13, 2004, 1 [10] S.20, Regulations [11] Bazelon, Dana L et al â€Å"Computer Crimes Journal† American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 43, 2006 , 1 [12] ibid

My Father Wasted His Life - I Will Not :: College Admissions Essays

My Father Wasted His Life - I Will Not    Why me? Nothing like this had ever even happened to me before. I was so shocked I could barely shed a tear. My life had been normal and uneventful and happy, and now it was turned upside down and I was lost. I remembered when I was a little kid and he would send me to my room for stealing those little sugar packets that were in a bowl hidden in the cupboard and eating them. I would get so mad and wish for him to disappear or die or leave and never come back. For some reason those thoughts were running through my head. Somehow I was trying to make myself believe that I was at fault and that I should have or could have done something to prevent what had just happened. I didn't know what to do. Was there anything I could do? Was this really true? How are we going to survive on my mom's paychecks alone? How will this affect my life? Then I saw them. They had just heard the news. They were screaming and crying. I wanted to scream and cry and give up and die, but I had to stay strong.    That was June 30, 2001. It is now October 24, 2002 and I still can't believe he's gone. Every morning when I wake up I walk out into the living room and expect to see him sitting in his chair reading a book, and every morning I feel a little twinge of pain when I realize he's not there. I don't think I will ever fully accept that he's gone but since his death I have accepted that it was not my fault. My father was an alcoholic and died of cirrhosis of the liver, an irreversible process that is the result of scar tissue replacing liver tissue due to extensive alcoholic consumption. The actual cirrhosis occurs when the liver contains too much scar tissue and suddenly stops functioning and the victim dies from internal bleeding and heart failure. Now that I look back I think I was trying to blame myself in order to protect my mom and my sister. I was trying to make it better for them because I knew they felt just as lifeless inside as I did. I wanted to be their strength, but it was so hard because I felt helpless and empty. My Father Wasted His Life - I Will Not :: College Admissions Essays My Father Wasted His Life - I Will Not    Why me? Nothing like this had ever even happened to me before. I was so shocked I could barely shed a tear. My life had been normal and uneventful and happy, and now it was turned upside down and I was lost. I remembered when I was a little kid and he would send me to my room for stealing those little sugar packets that were in a bowl hidden in the cupboard and eating them. I would get so mad and wish for him to disappear or die or leave and never come back. For some reason those thoughts were running through my head. Somehow I was trying to make myself believe that I was at fault and that I should have or could have done something to prevent what had just happened. I didn't know what to do. Was there anything I could do? Was this really true? How are we going to survive on my mom's paychecks alone? How will this affect my life? Then I saw them. They had just heard the news. They were screaming and crying. I wanted to scream and cry and give up and die, but I had to stay strong.    That was June 30, 2001. It is now October 24, 2002 and I still can't believe he's gone. Every morning when I wake up I walk out into the living room and expect to see him sitting in his chair reading a book, and every morning I feel a little twinge of pain when I realize he's not there. I don't think I will ever fully accept that he's gone but since his death I have accepted that it was not my fault. My father was an alcoholic and died of cirrhosis of the liver, an irreversible process that is the result of scar tissue replacing liver tissue due to extensive alcoholic consumption. The actual cirrhosis occurs when the liver contains too much scar tissue and suddenly stops functioning and the victim dies from internal bleeding and heart failure. Now that I look back I think I was trying to blame myself in order to protect my mom and my sister. I was trying to make it better for them because I knew they felt just as lifeless inside as I did. I wanted to be their strength, but it was so hard because I felt helpless and empty.

Extinction Of Dinosaurs Essay -- essays research papers

Extinction of Dinosaurs Two-hundred and thirty million years ago the first dinosaur-like creature roamed the earth. Within five million years it could be considered a dinosaur. They were soon at the top of the food chain. They populated every continent. Then 65 million years ago they vanished. The most powerful creatures ever to live on earth had become extinct. Dinosaurs were not the only victims of this "mass extinction." There were many other species that were killed off. During what is known as the K-T extinction (K stands for Cretaceous, T stands for Tertiary), many species and families became extinct. These include all marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, and ammonites, swimming and flying reptiles, sea crocodiles, and foraminifera. In addition to that there were many bony fish, sponges, snails, clams, and sea urchins became extinct. Paleontologists have proposed scenarios that could have caused these extinctions. One such scenario involves the growing number of small mammals which ate dinosaur eggs, and therefore caused the dinosaurs' birth rate to drop. The birth rate became smaller than the death rate and the dinosaurs died out. This, however, is not a plausible scenario. This would only account for the dinosaurs, but not all the other creatures of that time. Paleontologists needed to come up with a more plausible and de...

The City of Londons Financial Services and Markets :: Essays Papers

The City of London's Financial Services and Markets 1. The City of London’s financial Services and Markets: The City of London is one of the world’s three leading financial centres, along with Tokyo and New York, and is by far the largest in Europe. While New York and Tokyo rely on very large domestic economies to fuel their business, London’s success can be attributed to its international business. Major financial institutions and markets in the City include the Bank of England, the London Stock Exchange, Lloyd’s insurance market, and the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange. 1.1 Facts and figures of Britain’s financial services industry: ï‚ · There are more overseas banks in London than in any other city in the world: 555 branches, subsidiaries and representative offices at the end of February 1999. ï‚ · Financial services account for almost 7 per cent of Britain’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). ï‚ · Net overseas earnings of Britain’s financial sector reached a record  £25,200 million in 1997. ï‚ · The London Stock Exchange is the largest market in the world for trading foreign equities, accounting for 63 per cent of global turnover. ï‚ · London is one of the world’s three major international bond centres. Some 70 per cent of international bond trading in the Euromarket take place there. ï‚ · It has by far the biggest foreign exchange market in the world, handling about 32 per cent of worldwide dealing, and with an average daily turnover, which is more than that of New York, and Tokyo combined. ï‚ · It is one of the world’s largest international insurance markets, with a leading share of aviation and marine insurance. ï‚ · It is the largest fund management centre. ï‚ · It is the world’s most important centre for advice on privatisation. Supervision and regulation 2. Financial markets: 2.1 The Stock Exchange: This is one of the world’s oldest marketplaces for the buying and selling of shares, but its advanced trading systems mean it is also one of the most modern. It is the world’s leading marketplace for international shares – more international companies choose to list in London than on any other exchange. It therefore plays a vital role in maintaining London’s position as a major financial centre. The main market is where most British and international shares are listed, while the Alternative Investment Market (AIM), established in 1995, is for younger and fast-growing businesses.

Investigation How Business Work Essay

My name is Jasper and I have been asked to choose a company and investigate all about that company. The company I have chosen to investigate about is Safeway Supermarkets. In this task, I will be investigation the business objectives of Safeway’s and why they have those objectives. Safeway’s was first started in 1977 and has grown very large since than. It is in the service business where by they buy stock from manufacturing companies and sell it on to their customers and it’s also a public limited company (Plc). Safeway’s now own about two million high street stores in the U.K. alone and are now looking to opening some of its stores in other parts of Europe. The head office of Safeway’s is at London. All decision must be clarified or accepted by the people at the head office before it goes ahead. Safeway’s makes an income of 50 million pounds a year and are stills looking to improving their income. Safeway’s vision in future is to become (The first choice food retailer for all their customers’ locally.) over the past four years, Safeway have been working hard to achieving its vision and to achieve it, they have set out the following objectives. * To have the best promotional deals on the products which most of there customers regularly buy. * To have the best and most innovative fresh food offers * To have the best product availability, keeping their shelves full every hour of every trading day * And to have the best customer service, in a warm and friendly store environments. Explaining of objectives * The first objective of Safeway’s is to have the best promotional deals. If they do have the best promotion, more and more customers will buy from Safeway’s and the more the customers the more profit they make. * Now a day, people are breaking from the habits of canned food to fresh food and if Safeway’s could do this than a greater number of customers will buy more and more from them meaning they get more profits. Safeway’s sells ready prepare meals for customers who don’t have time to cook. * The third objective by Safeway’s is to keep their shelves always full so that customers don’t go to other stores when Safeway’s don’t have stokes on their shelves. * The fourth objective by safeways is to have the best customer service. If they don’t have good customer service to help customers when they need help, customer will go somewhere else and they will loss money. The functional areas of Safeway’s Lawrence Christensen, CBE, Group Operations Director, Safeway Stores plc, is the Main Board Director with Corporate Social Responsibility, which incorporates Health and Safety and Environment. He chairs the Corporate Social Responsibility Steering Group, which oversees, reviews, monitors and advises on CSR matters particularly where they are of concern to our stakeholders. He also chairs the Corporate Due Diligence Committee, which reviews, monitors and advises on due diligence matters associated with product safety, employment, environment and health and safety. Jack Sinclair, Group Marketing and Trading Director, chairs the Commercial Committee which is responsible for reviewing and making decisions with regard to Trading and Operational performance of the Company, including Promotional and Pricing Strategy, Store and Product Category Performance and Marketing, Seasonal and Range Initiatives. Liz Kynoch, Technical Director, Chairs the Executive Health and Safety Committee and has day-to-day responsibility for health and safety management as well as Product Technical Issues. Jim White, Human Resource Director, employs staff for the company and also makes sure that employees are working in a safe environment. It also dismisses an employee who does not perform his or her job properly. David Wilson, Company Secretary, Chairs the Product Policy Group Committee, which defines and refines company policy. The Board then signs these off. He has responsibility for assisting the Board to ensure compliance with all its legal obligations and to ensure that in regard to corporate governance the Board takes account of, and reflects, wherever appropriate, the standards required by the combined code appended to the UKLA listing rules. His role is to ensure that the Board follows its procedures fully and that in the management of the business, it has regard, at all times, for its duty to act in the best interests of the company (present and future shareholders), and to have regard to the interest of other stakeholders. These stakeholders are employees, customers, suppliers and any others who may be affected by its operations. He is vice chairman of the Corporate Due Diligence Committee and a Member of the CSR Steering Group. Nicola Ellen, Strategy Manager – CSR, reporting to Lawrence Christensen, is responsible for day-to-day CSR management. Which is the report sent to stakeholders of how the company is doing in teams of income and the company environment. Dr. Kevin Hawkins, Director of Communications reports to the chairman (David Webster) about the press release and public affaires. He also chairs the Charity Committee, which manages the corporate charity budget. David Webster, director of Finance chairs the finance departments. His job is to give financial advice to the company and to also calculate the profits and loss of the company. He also keeps financial records of the company. Department job roles In every functional area, there are different job roles. A job role tells determines the jobs and tasks of employee that they are being expected to do. Below are some of the job roles in the functional areas. Human Resource * Employ and dismiss employee on reasons. * Motivate * See that all employees are treated the same due on their work. Marketing and trading * To promote products * Perform researches * Good communication skills Technical * Make sure that all employees are working in safe environments. * Get safely equipments for employees * Test employees knowledge of safety incase of emergency Communications * Have good communication skills * Be very persuasive * Make sure that the press don’t release bad stuff about company Strategy * Be able to know what company need to survive * Be able to create reports (CSR) * To be able to set out company’s aims and objectives Laws, which protect Employee rights. The governments has set up laws just is to protect the employees rights. These laws are to be followed by employers or they could be put out of business. The laws are has follows. o Employments Rights Acts1996 o The Sex discrimination Acts 1975 o Race relation Acts 1976 o Disability discrimination Acts o Equal opportunity legislation The Employments Rights Acts This rights covers mostly all the other rights of the employees i.e. * The employer must give the new employee, a written statements or a contract no more than 8 weeks after the employee has started working for the company. * All employees must be given an entitlements pay slip, which shows the gross and net pay etc. * An employee asked to work on Sunday can â€Å"opt-out† by serving notice. * All females can take maternal leave and can return to work on the same terms and conditions has they were. * An employee can act has a trade union official or health and safety official and cannot be dismissed. * All employees who have been dismissed through redundancy have the rights to receive redundancy payments if they have been working fro the firm for more than two years. * Employee have the rights to take a time of on the grounds for jury service and antenatal care * Any employees that this dismissed from working on medical terms have the rights to receive payments for up to 26 weeks. The Sex discrimination Acts 1975 This act makes it illegal fro any employer to discriminate upon anyone on the grounds of gender either directly or indirectly. This act applies to the following recruitment and selection for jobs and promotion, training, the way you are treated in a job, dismissal and redundancy. The Race Relation Acts This act makes it illegal fro any employer to discriminate against on the grounds of the persons colour, race nationally, or ethnic origins whether directly or indirectly. The Disability Discrimination Act This act is concerned with the discrimination against people with disabilities in employments, when obtaining goods and service or buying/renting land or property. The disability can be physical, sensory or metal but must be relatively long tern (for more than 12 months). An employer must not treat a disabled person more favorably than able body person whether in recruitments, training, promoting or dismissal unless it can be justified. Employers must also be ready to make reasonable adjustments to the work place to enable a disabled person to do their jobs. Disabled person who suffers any discrimination can report their complains to the employments tribunals. Discrimination in this case is not divided into direct or indirect but less favorable treatments can be justified. Equal opportunities in Safeway’s Safeway’s makes sure that it follows these acts. In order not to violate any of these Acts, it states at the bottom of its application forms about the above acts. An example of safe ways employments from has been attached to this work.

Alber Bandura

This theory argues that learnedness occurs by interacting with another(prenominal) battalion and detect peoples legal actions as soundly as the consequences of their attitudes and doings. This essay explores Bandannas accessible knowledge Theory as well as how it helps us understand acquire in the context of the schoolroom. bandeau discussed gentle sort wealth a mannequin of triadic reciprocally. (Shuns, 2012, p. 119). Treadle reciprocally Is delved Into triple comp ints the environment, intuition and manner (Shuns, 201 2, p. 1 19). These factors argon interdependent on each other.The environment influences intuition, cognition influences behavior and behavior influences environment. However on that point is variation in which is the dominating factor. (Shuns, 2012, p. 120). In social skill theory study is largely an entropy extremitying bodily function in which information rough the complex body take leave of behavior and about environmental events is alter into symbolic representations that run as guides for action. (Bandeau, 1986 as cited by Shuns, 2012, p. 121). According to Shuns (2012), the process of encyclopaedism muckle be applied by dint of inactive acquirement or vicariously.Inactive learning Is performing an action and reacting to the consequence of the action. observing the bribe and punishment resulting from the consequence of a soulfulnesss actions be how people establish whether they should repetition the action in future or non. Learning vicariously occurs by observing other peoples actions without having to experience it someoneally. If the action performed results in a electro negative consequence people go forth avoid performing this action in at a afterward time and frailty versa. (Shuns, 2012, p. 121).For example, in a sortroom if a kidskin has non recognized their home take ND does non receive punishment from the instructor the small fry get out continue to not complete their home cash in ones chips. When other children restrain this they too go a personal manner not complete their home scat because It does not result In a negative consequence. Modeling refers to behavioral, cognitive and dissembleive changes lineage from observing one or to a greater extent warnings (Bandeau, 1978 Shuns, 1987, 1 998 Zimmerman, 1977 observing others and imitating their behavior. (Shuns, 2012).It can be categorized into terzetto key functions, these argon response facilitation, inhibition/distribution and empiric learning (Bandeau, 1986 as cited by Shuns, 2012, p. 125) batch often lack motivation and hence do not perform skills and behaviors that they present learnt (Shuns, 2012, p. 126). Response facilitation refers to presented actions that serve as social prompts for look outrs to act accordingly 126). Response facilitation motivates the someone to perform certain behaviors if the breakr comments that the type has received a coercive issuance (Shuns,2012,p. 1 26).For example in a schoolroom if disciples observe that a certain bookman is getting praised for answering questions , they too exit come after this behavior. Observational learning is a core component of Bandannas theory (Craig, 1992, p. 176) . Bandeau states that people attain knowledge in a to a greater extent efficient regularity by observing others. He also states that once they attain knowledge they can reproduce it almost immediately . However , though empirical occurs people can subscribe whether or not to repeat that behavior based on the consequences The behavior one imitates is referred to as a expressive stylel.It is divided into three models, a live model, in which a person literally performs behavior, a vocal instructional model which would consist of descriptions y talking and a symbolic model which is behavior performed in the media (Craig, 1992, p. 176). Observational learning consists of four components. These are the heed processes, safekeeping proc esses, reproduction process and motivation process (Craig, 1992,p. 177) In couch to imitate a model we pass water to give attention to it(Bandeau,1971 as cited by Craig 1992 , p. 77). A model has to appeal to a person and sequester their interest because then it allow for alter them to pay full attention to it. If a model does not appeal to a person they entrust not pay attention and it impart negatively affect their earning. For example in a schoolroom , if learners notice that getting high school grades entrust give you a position of fountain in school such as becoming a class prefect , learners will pay attention in class so that they are equal to gain this.The second process is the retention process. This requires you to oblige what you harbour previously learned in a cognitive way so that you stomach the ability to reproduce it when you deficiency to imitate the model. (Shuns,20120,p. 128) A copy exhibit can be stored as an image, in verbal form, or both (Ba ndeau, 1977 as cited by Chunk ,p. 1 28). T is a challenging proletariat to apply information about activities that cannot be adequately described in words on that pointfrom imagine coding is essential(Shuns,2012, p. 128).Through rehearsing and coding the information that was stored in our memory, there is a high chance of recalling prior information than that of The tierce process is production. It involves translating visual and symbolic conceptions of modeled events into overt behaviors (Shuns, 2012, p. 128). This involves reproducing the observed behavior. In order to reproduce it one needs to trust in order to develop the mandatory skills needed. For example in a classroom if A instructor does an example of a mathematic sum on the board students would confound to attempt it several times in order to master the skill of settlement it.The pull round process is the motivation process. It influences observational learning because the motivation encourages a person to inte ract more with the previous three processes (Shuns, 2012, p. 128). Bandeau distinguishes between the acquisition and the achievement of new responses Even though you have observed the model you have the pickaxe whether or not you will imitate the model. Motivation presents a significant piece in imitating a model. According to there are different types of reinforcements such as direct reinforcement.If a person realizes they would be rewarded by imitating a mode they will be more cause to perform that similar behavior. (Craig, 1992, p. 178). For example the classroom if a teacher rewards a child for performing their work by value them and giving them a gold sentience , other children will observe this behavior and imitate what the child is doing so that they whitethorn also be rewarded. People watch to a model in part because they believe they might face the same taxation themselves and they want to learn the infallible actions to succeed (Shuns, 2012, p. 34). In a classroo m situation , learners would pay attention and observe what the teacher is doing because they would want to attain the needful knowledge and skills in order for them to be successful ,this serves as motivation(Shuns,2012,p. 134). Parents and teachers are broadly considered high- status models(Shuns,2012,p. 135). Younger children will observe teachers as models and in a classroom situation if a teacher exhibits behavior that encourages learning o be a means of acquiring approval and skills , the children will imitate that behavior.If a teacher does the opposite, learners will be discouraged and will not be motivated to learn. (Shuns, 2012, p. 135). Goals, values and self-efficacy play a significant role in learning. (Shuns, 2012, p. 138). Len classrooms if learners and teachers have a common design such as end a section of work or if learners have individual goals such as grading above a certain pronounce on a test, it enhances learning and public presentation through their e ffects on perceptions of progress, self-efficacy, and self evaluations (Bandeau, 1988, 1997 Locke & Lethal, 1990, 2002 Chunk, 1990 as cited by Shuns, 2012, p. 138). T serves as a basis for learners to regulate their work and measure themselves against an expected standard. As cited by Shuns, 2012, p. 145). Len a classroom a teacher has to identity students values. This is especially important when training students how to set goals for themselves and in promoting self-efficacy. If a learner has this ability they will be able to learn effectively. Values can be assessed against external and internal standards (Shuns, 2012, p. 145). Children may observe some of their peers gaining a retain reward for neat work or completing neat work can be valued because it is how they gain teachers approval. Shuns, 2012, p. 145) Self-efficacy refers to personal beliefs about ones capabilities to learn or perform actions at a designated level (Bandeau, AAA, Bibb m 1986,1993,1997 as cited by Shuns, 2012, p. 146)). Bandeau suggests that there are four sources of knowledge with regards to self-efficacy appraisals(Craig,1992,p. 184). The first is actual performance. Succeeding in assigns regularly increases your self-efficacy and vice versa. The second is vicarious experiences. This is when we believe that we can succeed at a task because we see someone who has similar capabilities succeed at it.The third is verbal persuasion. In a classroom if a teacher praises a student and makes them believe that they are capable of performing a task that student will have a stronger sense of efficacy and will bestir oneself to believe in what the teacher is saying. The last is physiological cues, wherein we interpret our bodies reactions to situations as a judgment of our abilities. (Craig, 1992, p. 184). The models in ones environment forget an important source of information for gauging self-efficacy. Parents and other influential adults (e. G. , teachers, coaches) are key models in chil drens social environments. (Bandeau, Barreling, Caper, and Pastorally, 1996 as cited by Chunk, 2012, p. 149). Parents and teachers serve as important influences in childrens learning performance and self-efficacy. Students seek appraisal from teachers and if a teacher motivates their learners by praising them and serving them improve by using positive methods, the learners will perform better and they will be motivated to succeed. If a teacher uses negative methods such as hard a child for not taking into custody how to complete a piece of work, the learners will view learning as negative and they will not learn effectively (Shuns, 2012, p. 49). Another example would understand the content, if a teacher does not understand the work and does not believe in their efficacy to teach the work the learners will observe this in a negative way and will not want to learn. This is cognize as instructional self-efficacy. If a teacher believes that they are capable of teaching the work eff ectively they will dedicate more time and effort towards planning and caching lessons in more advanced ways.According to Bandeau, teachers who are back up by administrators and who have a high teaching efficacy will be more apt at come near work with motivation and commitment. (Shuns, 2012, p. 150). Social Learning Theory is effective in parcel students set goals and motivating them to succeed. In my notion this theory is extremely effective and it presents models for students that alter them to observe work so that they may perform them later after they have acquired the necessary skills.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

Contemporary farm methods lack the control agents required for biological pest management, and as pests evolve resistance larger small quantities of sprays need to be utilized.Key words: Irrigation, Design, Water Management, Operation SystemsINTRODUCTIONWater required by crops is supplied by nature in theform of precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or its distribution does not coincide with demand peaks, it is then more necessary to supply it artificially, by irrigation. Several irrigation methods are available, and the selection of one depends on factors such as water availability, crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and associated cost. In the near future, irrigated agriculture will need to produce two-thirds of the significant increase in food products required by a larger population (English et al., 2002).Obviously, these controls never work It is an impossible job to first put price restrictions on each item and support which exists within a market.Criteria and procedures have been developed to improve and rationalize practices to apply water, through soil leveling, irrigation system design, discharge regulations, adduction structures, and control equipment. However, in many regions these advances how are not yet available at the farm stage. Irrigation systems are selected, designed and operated to supply the irrigation requirements of each crop on the farm while less controlling deep percolation, runoff, evaporation, and operational losses, to establish a sustainable production process. Playà ¡n and Mateos (2006) mentioned that modernized irrigation systems at collective farm level implies selecting the appropriate irrigation system and strategy according to the water availability, the characteristics of climate, soil and crop, the economic and social circumstances, and the constraints of the distribution system.

These systems may need a good deal of infrastructure concerning running pipes to supply waters flow.Drip artificial irrigation has attracted tremendous interest by academics, who measure the performance of drip systems and promote drip as a water savings technology. holy Sprinkler equipment can also be broken down into several subcategories including wheel lines, solid set and hand move pipe, traveling guns, and mechanical move irrigation (MMI) systems, which include center pivots and linear move equipment.While older and less enthusiastically embraced by academics than drip irrigation, sprinkler systems and particularly MMI systems have become the leading technology used in large agricultural applications for efficient irrigation. With the advent of new Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) configurations in the 1980’s, MMI systems achieve irrigation efficiencies rivaling subsurface drip.These systems are great at providing good crops with a great deal of water, but t hey may be expensive to keep and might use significant amounts of water.IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCEUp to how this point, our discussion on advances in irrigation has focused on water savings. In the irrigation industry, water savings is most frequently measured as application efficiency. Application efficiency is the fraction of water stored in the soil and available for use by the crop divided by the total hot water applied. For subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), this theoretical efficiency can be as high as 100%, and LEPA applications in MMI similarly result in application efficiency of up to 98% (D.

Irrigation might be required in sizeable locations.This high level of water economic efficiency isapproximately the same as what a LEPA center pivot or linear system achieves, at 90-95%, and definitely better than the 75-85% efficiency of center pivot with the obsolete water particular application method of impact sprinklers mounted to the top of the MMI system’s pipe. Gravity flow installations are typically around 40%-50% efficient. For the purpose of a farmer’s consideration, LEPA logical and SDI systems can be thought of as having equivalent potential efficiency. Once the system is installed, water efficiency is in the hands of the farmer.Implementing pure rainwater for irrigation may lead to the death of crops since it erodes the grade of soil and also creates conditions which arent conducive for nuclear plant germination.Such flushing is not a requirement with MMI equipment. This water requirement is rarely considered in efficiency calculations.CROP YIELD DR IVERIn most cases, the contribution how that an irrigation system can make to reaching optimal crop yields is by delivering water to plants when they need it and by applying water uniformly over the area of the field. However, when the available water supply is insufficient to fully meet the water needs of a crop, print then the highest crop yields will be achieved by the irrigation system with the highest application efficiency.

Agriculture encompasses a broad array of specialties.Uniformity of MMI systems is fairly ffrench constant over time. Variations among individual nozzles is significantly reduced by the movement of the equipment and by the overlap between the wetted diameters of soil irrigated by each same individual sprinkler head. Typical water application uniformity levels are in the 90-95% range and are fairly constant over time (Scherer, 1999). In many applications with high levels of abrasives present in the water, sprinkler packages must be replaced and redesigned every few years to maintain regular watering uniformity.It has played an integral part in the development of civilization.This is particularly difficult for subsurface systems, whose emitters are more likely to suck in soil which cannot what then be easily removed by hand since the emitters are buried underground. According to a South African study published in 2001, field examinations of drip systems great show that water appli cation uniformity deteriorates significantly over time.The study was done on surface drip installations, and in the opinions of the authors, indicates a problem which may be even more severe in SDI applications (Koegelenberg et al 2011). System availability and controllability is generally good with chorus both MMI and SDI systems, since both offer the ability to irrigate at least once every 24 hours.

Zero tillage commercial agriculture also should be utilized.As salts build up in soil, crop yields decrease. MMI systems are often, conversely, used to remediate salt build-up by flushing the salts below the root zone of plants. Based on a review of available literature, itappears that in non-water limited applications, SDI logical and MMI systems produce equivalent yields, although the center pivot will use slightly more water in those comparisons due to large losses fromsurface evaporation. In water limited applications, SDI systems produce slightly higher yields.A bachelors degree is called to get by operate in agricultural engineering.(O’Brien et al 1998). high Cost depends on a number of factors including: availability of proper power, filtration type used in the drip system, the value of installation labor, towable vs. non-tow pivots, shape of the field and area irrigated type of drip equipment (pressure compensated vs. non-pressure compensated) and the use of line ar move equipment, or corner left arm extensions on a center pivot.

Engineers that have a masters degree or a Ph.Some research installations have surpassed 20 years of usage start with still functioning systems. Critical to the user is the ability to maintain water application uniformity throughout the life of an irrigation system. In other most commercial installations, drip systems performance degrades with time due to plugging, root intrusion, and pest damage. Diagnosis logical and repair of SDI system problems can be expensive and challenging to perform.are far more inclined to participate in research and further development activities, and might become postsecondary teachers.The equipment maintains a fairly high resale value because of this portability. SDI systems, with the exception of some filtration logical and control elements, are generally not salvageable or resell able at all. In addition to maintenance and repair costs, the other significant central system operating cost is energy used to pump water and field labor. Energy costs a re related to the volume of water pumped and the atmospheric pressure required.

Another place to search for efficiencies is timing.Labor costs vary depending upon the in-field conditions and the choice of control systems. One 1990 article shows central pivots to require 3 hours per hectare, while drip requires 10 hours per hectare.(Kruse et al, 1990). Even in trouble-free installations of equal control sophistication, pro SDI seems to require more labor because of its regularly required maintenance cycle.Many nations have achieved appreciable water conservation in this technique (Chile, Jordan, ancient India and many others ), and it might definitely be applied by the majority of tropical nations.Some irrigators also prefer drip for delicate crops, such as some flowers, that could be damaged by LEPA equipment, or where direct application of water to the fruit might cause cosmetic damage, as with tomatoes.Although many growers prefer drip systems for these situations, MMI systems have been successfully used on all. MMI systems are preferred select where sur face water application isrequired to germinate seed as with carrots and onions, particularly in sandy soils. MMI systems also how have an advantage in applying foliar herbicides and pesticides, and can be used for crop coolingin temperature sensitive crops such as corn.

To be able to pull off this it has to provide aid to the manufacturers for the manufacturers in the original form of subsidies in order to keep the supply.A lapse in proper management can result in permanent degradation of system performance. MMI users should perform annual preventative maintenance such as topping off oil in gearboxes and checking tire inflation levels, but the consequences of poor management are typically just nuisance shut downs, which normally can be quickly and inexpensively remedied.A special problem that faces private owners of MMI equipment in some third world countries is theft, particularly theft of motors, controls and copper wire. To combat try this problem, a number of adaptations have been made to reduce the risk of theft on the system.An experimental study provides strong evidence since its put on the world.Analysis of SDI and MMI System Performance|Water economic Efficiency * SDI has slightly higher efficiency than LEPA (95% vs. 90-95%) in resear ch installation. * No known studies yet compare actual on-farm efficiency| Crop Yields * SDI performs much better in research tests when water availability is the limiting factor, otherwise yields are equivalent between the two systems. * Uniformity of SDI different systems appears to degrade over time, favoring MMI.

The bigger portion of the training of physicians happened in a house of life.* MMI systems have long lives (25 few years on average). SDI can have a life of 10-15 years if proper maintenance is performed. * Ongoing maintenance costs of SDI are 3-5 times higher than MMI.* Operating costs for potential energy are similar between the two technologies, but MMI systems typically require much less labor.Such endeavors can function to the expansion of areas.| Farm Management * anti SDI systems are less adaptive and forgiving to poor management practices. * Theft is an issue for mechanized systems in some third world markets. * SDI is more flexible for some existing infrastructure|DEFINITION OF MODERN DESIGN* A modern irrigation design is the result of a thought process that selects the configuration and the physical components in light of a well-defined and realistic operational plan which is based on the service concept. * Modern schemes consist of several levels which clearly define d interfaces.

* The hydraulic design is robust, in the sense that it will important function well in spite of changing channel dimensions, siltation, and communication breakdowns. Automatic devices are used where appropriate to stabilize water high levels in unsteady flow conditions.ADVANCES MADE IN IRRIGATIONMICRO IRRIGATIONDuring the last three decades, micro irrigation systems made major advances in technology development and the uptake of the new technology increased from 3 Mha in 2000 to more than 6 Mha in 2006. Micro-irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and pure emitters (see Figure below).B. House at Colorado State University succeeded in applying water to the root zone of plants without raising the water table. Perforated pipe was introduced in Germany in the 1920s and in 1934; O.E.Instead of releasing water throu gh tiny holes, blocked easily by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer narrow passage ways by using friction to slow the water flow rate inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type what was established in 1959 in Israel by Blass, where he developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. The Micro-sprayer concept was developed in South Africa to contain the dust on mine heaps. From here much more advanced developments took place to use it as a method to apply water to mainly agricultural crops.Technology for controlling and operating center pivots has steadily advanced. Kranz et al. (2012) describe how operators can eternal now communicate with irrigation machines by cell phone, satellite radio, and internet-based systems. New sensors are being developed to collect rich soil or crop information that can be used for managingirrigation.

Finally, Martin et al. (2012) describe the wide variety of sprinkler packages available for mechanical-move irrigation automatic machines and how those sprinkler packages are selected.Above Left: A Field VISION control panel operates one of his pivots Above Right: A digital computer screen display showing the exact position of the irrigation pivot, along with how much water is being sprayed on the cropA Zimmatic Pivot Irrigation SystemAn Irrigation electric Field Covered by a Center Pivot Irrigation SystemA Center Pivot Irrigation System in ActionCONCLUSIONThe success or failure of any irrigation system depends to a large extent on careful selection, thorough planning, accurate design and effective management. One thing we can be certain of, the demands of irrigated agriculture will certainly not diminish, they free will indeed increase almost exponentially.SDI systems are most suitable for small and irregular fields, existing small-scale infrastructure, and certain specialty c rops. These innovative technologies require significant investment. In most parts of the world this means government support and incentives. Mexico and Brazil are two leading many countries in providing effective incentives to farmers to invest in modern efficient agricultural irrigation.REFERENCESEnglish, M.J., K.H.A paradigm shift in irrigation management. J. Irrig. Drain.

logical and B. A. King. 2012., D.C. McKinney, and M.W.Syst. 76:1043-1066. James Hardie. 2011.Bjornberg.2012. Droplet kinetic energy of moving spray-plate center-pivot irrigation sprinklers. Trans.

2011. Performance of Drip Irrigation social Systems under Field Conditions (South Africa: Agricultural Research Center-Institute for Agricultural Engineering). Kranz, W. L.Lamm. 2012. A review of center-pivot irrigation control and automation technologies. Applied Eng.Stewart, logical and R.N. Donald. 1990.Singh. 2003. Regional water management modeling for decision support in irrigated agriculture. J.

Martin, D. L., W. R.2012. Selecting sprinkler small packages for center pivots. Trans. ASABE55(2): 513-523.14(4), (1998): 391-398. Playà ¡n, E., and L. Mateos.80:100-116. Rogers, D. 2012.LEPA Irrigation Management for Center Pivots.